Renaissance Patronage

Renaissance Patronage This paper explores different motivations for art patronage throughout the Renaissance. Art in the renaissance was often commissioned by a patron who wanted to use it as a way to communicate something to the intended viewer. Art was usually commissioned for religious and political reasons or used as proof of wealth or power. The corruption of the church allowed for wealthy patrons to make a donation in order to buy his or her way into heaven. This is called a sale of indulgence, and it is the motivation behind countless works of renaissance art.The entire Arena Chapel painted by the artist Giotto was commissioned by Enrico Scrovegni to atone for his sin of usury. The Chapel was completed 1305 and is located in Padua, Italy. As was a common practice at the time, Enrico himself is depicted in on the wall of the chapel. â€Å"On the wall of The Last Judgment, Enrico kneels to offer a model of his church to three figures. It is commonly accepted that Enrico saw his church and its paintings as a votive gift made as a partial atonement for his father’s mortal sin of usury and to strengthen his own hope of salvation. By having his image painted into the scene, Enrico assures that his intended audience knows it was his money that paid for the art. This is both politically and religiously motivated. Masaccio’s Pisa Altarpiece commissioned in 1426 Pisa is another example of religiously motivated art patronage. This altarpiece was commissioned by â€Å"Ser Giuliano di Colino di Pietro degli Scarsi and the Carmelite church of S. Maria del Carmine† The intention behind this altarpiece was simply to give churchgoers a piece of relevant art to view during church and to attract more members.An example of politically motivated art can be found in Sienna’s Palazzo Pubblico. Allegory of Good and Bad Government by Ambrogio Lorenzetti was commissioned by the Sienese government. The frescos of Allegory span the walls of the building depicting life in the city under good government versus bad government. The intended audience for this commission was the citizens of Siena. The paintings were propaganda meant to show the viewers how successful and prosperous the city was under the current leadership of the Council of the Nine. Another politically motivated piece is the well known portrait by Jan Van Eyck, Giovanni Arnolfini and his Wife.This portrait was commissioned in 1434 by Giovanni Arnolfini and is meant to be a physical documentation or witness to him giving his wife leave to conduct household affairs in his absence. This portrait would have been displayed in the Arnolfini household to be seen by visitors and servants and served as proof that Giovanna was in charge of Giovanni’s affairs while he was traveling. Tres Riches Heures by the Limbourg Brothers was commissioned by the Duke of Berry in 1412 France. This book is an example of royal patronage. It is meant to depict and glorify daily life in the court while simultaneously belittling those of the lower class.Tres Riches Heures is personalized for the Duke and includes his likeness and some scholars believe that because the faces in the book are so diverse, that they must be portraits of individual members of the court. This fact and the use of the rare pigment lapis lazuli, the intricacy of the book, and the heavy use of hidden symbolism are all meant to illustrate the wealth of the duke. The court was the intended audience of this commission. Patronage was a defining element of renaissance art. There were many motivations to purchase art such as religion, proof of power or wealth, or political reasons.Commissions varied depending on the motivation and the intended audience. Works Cited Carroll, Margaret D. â€Å"†In the Name of God and Profit†: Jan Van Eyck's Arnolfini Portrait. † Representations 44. 1 (1993): 96-132. http://www. jstor. org/stable/2928641 Web. 26 Feb. 2013 James, Sara Nair. â€Å"Masacc io: St. Andrew And â€Å"The Pisa Altarpiece.. † Sixteenth Century Journal 35. 4 (2004): 1178. Academic Search Complete. Web. 27 Feb. 2013. Perkinson, Stephen. â€Å"Likeness, Loyalty, And The Life Of The Court Artist: Portraiture In The Calendar Scenes Of The Tres Riches Heures. † Quaerendo 38. /3 (2008): 142-174. Academic Search Complete. Web. 27 Feb. 2013. Polzer, Joseph. Ambrogio Lorenzetti's â€Å"War and Peace† Murals Revisited: Contributions to the Meaning of the â€Å"Good Government Allegory† Artibus et Historiae. Vol. 23, No. 45 (2002), pp. 63-105 http://www. jstor. org. ezproxy2. drake. brockport. edu/stable/1483682 Web. 24 Feb. 2013 Rough, Robert H. â€Å"Enrico Scrovegni, The Cavalieri Gaudenti, And The Arena Chapel In Padua. † Art Bulletin 62. 1 (1980): 24. Academic Search Complete. Web. 24 Feb. 2013. ——————————————– [ 2 ].Robert H Rough, Enrico Scrovegni, the Cavalieri Gaudenti, and the Arena Chapel in Padua, pg. 26. [ 3 ]. Sara Nair James, Masaccio: St. Andrew and â€Å"The Pisa Altarpiece. † Pg. 1178 [ 4 ]. Joseph Polzer, Ambrogio Lorenzetti's â€Å"War and Peace† Murals Revisited: Contributions to the Meaning of the â€Å"Good Government Allegory† Pg. 64 [ 5 ]. Margaret D. Carroll, â€Å"In the Name of God and Profit†: Jan van Eyck's Arnolfini Portrait. Pg. 99 [ 6 ]. Steven, Perkinson, Likeness, Loyalty, and the Life of the Court Artist: Portraiture in the Calendar Scenes of the Tres Riches Heures Pg. 144

Math 214 Final Reflective Paper

Math 213 gives new teachers the tools needed to further understand what they will be facing when entering the classroom. There is a wide range of mathematic concepts covered throughout this course. Among them the major topics included: the principals and process standards for elementary school mathematics defined by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics and the application of problem-solving strategies using numerical patterns.Additional major concepts covered were the relations and functions to solve problems, base value, language sets, the value of the Venn diagrams, how to make reasonable estimates, and how to apply number theory to applications. Week one was the exploration of the six principles of elementary school mathematics: equity, curriculum, teaching, learning, assessment, and connection. These standards outline the understanding, knowledge, and skills student should acquire in each grade level. NCTM’s establishes focus and coherence into teacher’s efforts in improving mathematics.NCTM offers teachers examples and recommendations of a wide variety of educational circumstances that serve in the best interest of the student. They serve as a support group in guiding every educator in their efforts to improving how math will be presented in the classroom. Week one was also dedicated to showing the differences in how adults and children learn while investigating problem-solving strategies. The action of students with no prior knowledge of mathematics was quite overwhelming. When time is not an essence and logic does not exist students are surprisingly able to grasp concepts of mathematics.Revealing this process illustrates the importance of encouraging students to take risks while exploring problem solving. With the right tools put into place students can excel and possibly lead the way into higher mathematics. Week two covered several number systems, functions, patterns, and problem solving strategies. We thoroughly examined the H indu-Arabic, Tally, Egyptian, Mayan, Roman, and Babylonian number systems. With the introduction of language sets the Venn diagram proved to be a valuable tool. The use of visual aids and hands on tools for establishing base values are a necessity when introducing the fundamentals.Manipulation techniques and visual aids give students the opportunity to explore math beyond the numbers and presents ides that students can relate to. After grasping knowledge of the fundamentals students can use them to connect with higher levels of mathematics. Week three was the analysis of algorithms and the discovery of the importance in giving students the freedom to contemplate their own. Many studies have shown students who create their own algorithms have a stronger mathematic grasp on the skills needed to work out problems on their own. Also introduced in week three was the importance of mastering addition prior to multiplication.Students who master addition realize that multiplication is repeat ing addition and can use it as a tool when checking their multiplication answers. The number line and group activities used during this week incorporated concepts of estimation and rounding and demonstrated how students can judge the accuracy of their answers. Carrying forward was the introduction of multiplication properties. They include: Commutative Property, changing the order, Associative Property, changing the grouping factors, and the Identity Property were one is the same as the other.The knowledge of these operations makes it easier for students to understand multiplication. The concepts in week three set a foundation needed to expand on. Students must have an understanding of numbers and the different ways they are represented. These concepts are useful application to present and future math challenges. Week four covered the difficulties that students have with fractions. Visual aids, manipulation, and using realistic relationships prove to be useful as teacher interpret f ractions, decimals, percents, and problems solving techniques to students.Circular shape objects create a superior surface in showing a whole numbers and are a good starting point when explaining the meaning of the numerator and the denominator. Manipulation of objects and relating math concepts to everyday life may help students with other styles of learning. Beans and blocks are just some objects teachers can use in manipulation and the score to last nights football game might be something students can relate to. There is great deal of sources available to teachers that illustrate and explain different approaches that can help students grasp mathematic concepts like fraction, decimal, percent, nd problem solving. Teachers have formed support groups online, around the nation, that are dedicated to helping students connect to math. Finally, my reflection after week five proves to be filled with valuable information needed for the development of a professional math instructor. This c ourse has improved my understanding of math in general and has given me the tools to explore a student’s mind. Through thorough investigations I have found different approaches that may best suited in presenting mathematic concepts into a classroom.

Cultural Anthropology Essay

â€Å"The word anthropology is derived from the Greek words anthropo, meaning â€Å"human beings† or â€Å"humankind,† and logia, translated as â€Å"knowledge of† or â€Å"the study of.†1 Likewise, it is a study which comprises four subfields: the physical anthropology, archaeology, linguistic anthropology and cultural anthropology or ethnology, which constitutes a broad approach to the study of humanity.2 Furthermore, â€Å"Anthropology is the exploration of human diversity in time and space.†3 Consequently, anthropology is a study or discourse of human being which deals human condition in every particular context and time, both past and present. It is a study that deals humans as biological species, as beings with culture and language present in a society, and so on. b. Cultural Anthropology â€Å"Cultural anthropology is the study of human society and culture, the subfield that describes, analyzes, interprets, and explains social and cultural similarities and differences.4 So, it is in this field that human beings are studied in a cultural perspective in order to identify the commonality and difference of one culture to the other. Likewise, â€Å"Cultural anthropology or ethnology is the subfield of anthropology that examines various contemporary societies and cultures throughout the world.†5 Therefore, it does not study human being individually but societally or as a group, in order to come up with a generalization of their way of life. c. Ethnology â€Å"Ethnology examines, interprets, analyzes, and compares the results of ethnography—the data gathered in different societies.†6 Likewise, â€Å"ethnology is the comparative science that attempts to identify and explain cultural differences and similarities, test hypotheses, and build theory to enhance our understanding of how social and cultural systems work.7 Thus, ethnology is the science in which the data gathered by the cultural anthropologist  from the different societies through observation are put into analysis and examination. In other words, it is a cross-cultural study. By this, cultural anthropologists describe the similarities and differences of one culture from the other and make generalization about society and culture. 2. What are the two approaches we use in the study of Anthropology? There are two ways of developing testable propositions: the inductive method and the deductive method. In the inductive method, the scientist first makes observations and collects data. On the other hand, deductive method of scientific research begins with a general theory from which scientists develop testable hypotheses. Data are then collected to evaluate these hypotheses. 3. Why the study of Anthropology is important today? Studying human beings, Anthropology is very important today for it examines, analyzes, compares and makes generalization about how people live and behave. In fact, it is so vital to study it these days for this field deals not only the present generation of the human kind but also even those of the past, the history and artifacts, with their way of life basically analyzed and is compared to what we have today. Likewise, it is also crucial to discuss this subject matter, especially cultural anthropology, for it gives anybody a kind of self-awareness to cultural diversity. Hence, anthropology will make us aware of cross-cultural understanding in this diverse world and appreciate the uniqueness of one culture to the other. Furthermore, studying so would give us knowledge in order to avoid ethnocentrism or superiority of one culture to the other for no culture is actually higher than the other. On one hand, anthropology contributes to a general liberal arts education, which helps students develop intellectually and personally, as well as professionally.8 So, it is important as well to study anthropology nowadays for it tries to investigate human condition according to four perspectives, namely, the physical anthropology, archaeology, linguistic anthropology and cultural anthropology, which is needed in every career that one may take. Well, for us, seminarians, I think it is an imperative to have knowledge about this course for it enables us to develop our understanding, especially when it comes to cross-cultural one, as future missionaries to foreign lands  someday.

Requirements of legislation Essay

Explain how the requirements of legislation, codes of practice and agreed ways of working influence professional supervision. Legislation has leaded us to the point of view that supervision is the requirement for all staff: 1) National Minimum Standards – Supplying good practice of supervision is a mandatory requirement set by National Minimum Standards in UK– covering all criteria and aspects of practice (for example policy and procedures; job descriptions and keeping a balance between outcomes for organisation and the development of the staff), career development needs – (for instance professional training), ensuring that staff gets support from supervisors in the area where they are not coping well. In my setting the staff is supported for acquiring continuous professional development courses offered on-line by the HighScope Research Foundation, time is set for in-house CPD sessions by supervisors. One- to one sessions are held by the supervisor to identify the gaps and allocate the distribution of CPD. Staff is given clear guide lines on safe guarding and other policies, procedures and the job descriptions, realistic outcomes are set for the nursery by supervision, keeping in view the current level of development of the staff. 2) Revised EYFS Welfare requirements — In our practices this has lead to staff being advised to report to any inappropriate behavior of other staff leading to abuse and neglecting of children in the setting and the supervisors maintain absolute confidentiality of such matters Use of mobile phone is prohibited. Staff is not allowed to take pictures of children from their mobile phones. Alternatively sharing pictures on social media websites is strictly prohibited Staff is encouraged to take on CPD – 100% financial aid is provided to take online HighScope courses, once the gaps are identified by talking through the supervisor. 3) CWDC resources – performance management and dynamic and enabling supervisory relationship – This has provided a supervision tool, where quality and service standards are met at the same time retaining the staff. In my setting staff is encouraged to take new skills and knowledge and implement them. They take balanced and calculated risks and experience their new learning in action, without the supervisors taking control of their activities and blaming them for unexpected outcomes. Eventually this leads to success in outcomes. High quality care services are provided with new skills, development of integrated working is supported along with CPD. Bibliography: Book: Jane Cook, (2013) Leadership and Management is Early Years, Practical Pre-School Books Website: www.makingthedifference.com.au/†¦/professional-supervision https://www.childwelfare.gov/management/mgmt_supervision/performance/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_indicator

Wal-Marts Business Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Wal-Marts Business Management - Essay Example Other important applications include informing the details of the company to the finance personnel, suppliers and others so that they become aware of company's goals and achievements. Economic Feasibility: It refers to the benefits or outcomes. We are deriving from the product as compared to the total cost we are spending for developing the plan. If the benefits are more or less the same as the older system, then it is not feasible to develop the plan. The development of the new product should greatly enhance the accuracy of the system and cuts short the delay in the processing of the business strategy. The errors can be greatly reduced and at the same time providing great level of security. Hence, we do not need any additional equipment except memory of required capacity. Operational Feasibility: It refers to the feasibility of the product to be operational. Some products may work very well at design and implementation but may fall in the real time environment. It includes the study of additional human resources required and their technical expertise. Technical Feasibility: It refers to whether the product that is available in the market fully supports the present trend. It studies the pros and cons of using particular product for the development and it's feasibility. It also studies the additional training need to be given to the people to make the product work. A qualitative and quantitative research is must in developing an Information system. Qualitative research is more of collecting data, conducting interviews, using documents and to understand and explain social phenomenon. Quantitative research involves is of development of natural sciences to study natural phenomenon. Survey methods, formal methods, econometrics, etc., are some of the examples of quantitative research. Planning Wal-mart generally forays into the international market by establishing a retail market by issuing FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) to the retailers so that the profit from the FDI's would go to the retailers as well. Their plan will be to first energize the FDI lobby and then preempt the FDI lobby in any country they try to establish their retail store. They primarily look for the average annual income of the family in that country, Wal-Mart also looks how much is the retail market and at what percentage it is growing annually. Wal-Mart recently decided to foray into the Indian retail market which has a $250 billion retail market growing at 7.2 % per year. Wal-Mart initially looks for the weak supply chain managed countries for FD investments. John Menzer the CEO and president of Wal-Mart plans as per the data acquired from the countries he personally visits and then decides weather to invest or not. It is not that Wal-Mart doesn't face any challenges, it has to face challenges but s truggles for both business and profit from governments of the respective countries. In any business sector strategic planning is considered to be very important and a thoughtful business plan cannot be overemphasizes because much hinges on it: financial support, management of the available resources like operation and finances, credit from suppliers, promotion and marketing and last but not the least company's goals and achievements. Before

Reflective assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Reflective assignment - Essay Example The project has lasted for about 4 months, i.e. for October 2012 up to January 2013 and focuses on the provision of important guidelines in regard to the use of Glo-bus, a critical software tool for managing data. Initially, I considered this learning project as a rather easy task, having the impression that I would have to deal with issues easy to handle. However, the challenges appeared during the development of the process have been several. The use of a framework, such as the Reflective Analysis, has helped me to realize that I could use these challenges for improving my responses to similar problems in the future. 1. Introduction The participation of an individual in a group activity can significantly help towards the development of personal skills and competencies. However, in order for such target to be achieved it is necessary for the individual to clearly understand his performance in regard to the particular activity, meaning his ability to respond effectively to the tasks assigned to him, as a group member. The use of theories and concepts related to the reflective analysis has been proved particularly helpful for understanding the role and the experiences of individuals as members of groups. The potential use of reflective practice techniques for analyzing the personal experiences, as a member of a Glo-bus team, is explained in this paper. Glo-bus is a tool for managing a large volume of data, mainly through the use of grids that can be quite complex (Glo-bus 2013). The literature published in this area has been employed for analyzing a series of critical incidents that have occurred while developing the particular project, meaning the 4 months learning project in which the above team has participated. It is proved that these techniques can be particularly effective in analyzing and evaluating such incidents but under the following terms: that the analysis of each incident is backed by appropriate theory so that no doubts can appear as of the explan ations given. 2. Reflective Analysis – Academic theories and concepts Reflective Analysis is a framework for evaluating the personal performance in regard to a specific activity/ task. Reflective Analysis is commonly involved in the use of a series of techniques, known as reflective practice techniques that can secure the high performance of individuals in a series of activities, at the level that these practices help the individuals to identify their weaknesses and eliminate them by appropriate plans of action. The use of reflective practice techniques is critical in order for the learners ‘to capture and enrich learning’ (Billett 2011, p.211). These techniques are based on the following rule: knowledge is transferred to learners not just through the delivery of theoretical material but, especially, through practice (Billett 2011). The practice, as part of these techniques, refers to the development of tasks that are related to a specific sector, the one in whic h the learners are willing to work (Billett 2011). Reflective practice, as part of Reflective Analysis, has a particular target: to reveal the areas in which an individual should focus so that his performance in regard to one or more activities is significantly improved. From this point of view, Lowenstein and Bradshaw (2004) note that reflective practice is often described as ‘the process of exposing the contradictions in practice’ (Lowenstein and Bra

Acid Rain and Alkalinity of the Lakes in Canada Essay

Acid Rain and Alkalinity of the Lakes in Canada - Essay Example In the same way, surrounding vegetations also determines the acidity or alkalinity of the lake, such as types of trees, soil, and decaying leaves. Humus (layers of decaying leaves) has rich organic matter and they produce acids similar to vinegar.Another determinant of lakes is its location and natural bases, that is, answer lies in geology. If the lake has surrounding of rocks containing limestone contain bases, then acids will be reduced (neutralized) by the natural bases and the pH of the lake will remain nearly the same. Calcite (CaCO3) greatly mitigates the effects of acid rain. Calcite is the principal mineral that makes up the rock limestone. For example, the case of sulfuric acid falling on limestone can be understood by the following reaction: The sulfuric acid is changed into mineral gypsum (CaSO4.H2O) and Carbon dioxide is released. Thus, lakes located on limestone terrains will not suffer the consequences of acid rain. On the other hand, rocks which contain granite contain has very little bases and is unable to neutralize the acidic ingredients. Eastern Canada is facing widespread acidification of lakes due to acid rain, and presence of granite rocks. In Ontario approximately 1200 lakes are dead.Acid rain refers to all types of precipitation - rain, sleet, fog, hail, snow that has a pH lower than the 5.6 average of rainwater. Note that the rain water is naturally slightly acidic due to equilibration with atmospheric carbon dioxide. The "pure" rain water's acidity is between pH 5.6-5.7, somewhat pH readings vary depending upon place to place and amount of other gases present in the air, such as nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxide. The pH scale refers to the free hydrogen ions (electrically charged atoms) in water and a number that ranges from 0 to 14. Seven is considered neutral, that is, neither acidic nor basic. Number less than seven are acidic and those higher it is basic or alkaline. The pH scale is logarithmic (base 10), and not linear. For example, pH 3 is 10 times more acidic than pH 4 and 100 times more than pH 5. The formation of acid in the acid rain is due to two kinds of air pollutants - sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). These pollutants react with gaseous water in the atmosphere to form sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and nitric acid (HNO3). The two-step process explains the formation of acid solutions by SO2. First the sulfur dioxide molecules react with water molecules and forms molecules of sulfurous acid: SO2(gas) + H2O(liquid) H2SO3(aq) Then the Sulfurous acid molecules reacts with water and produces an equilibrium with H+(aq) and hydrogen sulfite. Because the Sulfurous acid only partially ionizes into H+(aq) so it is considered as a weak acid: H2SO3(aq) + H2O(liquid) H+(aq) + HSO3(aq) Sulfur dioxide also reacts with oxygen or ozone and form sulfur trioxide: SO2(gas) + O2(gas) + 2SO3(gas) SO2(gas) + O3(gas) SO3(gas) + O2(gas) Then the sulfur trioxide reacts with the atmospheric moisture to form sulfuric acid: SO3(gas) + H2O(liquid) H2SO4(aq) The sulfuric acid which is a strong acid, completely ionizes in the atmospheric precipitation to release H+(aq) ions: H2SO4(aq) H+(aq) + HSO4-(aq) These aqueous hydrogen are responsible for the acidic effects in the acid rain. In Canada about 60% of pollution is caused by transportation emission. Car engines uses gasoline, which burn using air as a source of oxygen. Nitrogen is the primary component of air and under high temperature inside the car engine it forms the pollutant nitrogen monoxide (NO). Under sunlight a series of secondary reactions takes place and